¡@

±q¬ù¸t¸g±´°Q¼»¥¹¦b¥H¦â¦C¤H«H¥õ¤¤ªº©w¦ì»P·N¸q
                  

²Îë¤å

¤Þ¨¥

µL½×¦b±Ð·|©Î«H®{­Ó¤Hªº¥Í¬¡¤¤¡A¤W«Ò»P¼»¦ý¦ü¥G§êºtµÛ©Ò¿×¨}µ½»P¨¸´c¦p¦¹¬Û¹ïªº¨¤¦â¡A¦Ó°ò·þ®{«KµL®ÉµL¨èªº¦b¨âªÌ¤§¶¡¾Ä¤O«e¶i¡A©Î¦b¯«ªº³o¤@Ãä¡B©Î¦b¼»¦ý¨º¸Ì¡C´N°ò·þ®{ªº«H¥õ¸g¾ú¦Ó¨¥¡AÃø¹D¥u¬O³o¨âªÑ¤O¶q¤§¶¡±Ã¤ãªºÁ`©M¡A©ÎªÌ¦³§ó¿n·¥ÄݤѪº¶ø¯µ¦b¸ÌÀY¡H­n¤F¸Ñ³o¼Ëªº°ÝÃD¡A§Ú­Ì´N¥²»Ý¦^¨ì¬ù¸t¸g¤¤ªº°O¸ü¡A¨Ó¤F¸Ñ¤W«Ò»P¼»¦ý¦b¤H­Ì¦æ¬°«ä·Q¤¤ªº©w¦ì»P·N¸q¡C¦ý¦]µÛ½g´T»P¯à¤Oªº½t¬G,¥»½g¤º®e±N¶°¤¤¦b"±q¬ù¸t¸g±´°Q¼»¥¹¦b¥H¦â¦C¤H«H¥õ¤¤ªº©w¦ì»P·N¸q"ªº¤º®e¤W.

¥»¤H±N¦b¥»½g³ø§i¤¤¤Þ¥Î³Ð¥@¬ö3¡G1-6¡A¼»¥À¦Õ°O¤U24¡G1»P¾ú¥N§Ó¤W21:1¡A¬ù§B°O1:6-12¡A¼»­{§Q¨È®Ñ3:1-2¥|¬q¸g¤å¡A¨Ó§@¬°¥»½g¥DÃDªº°ò¦¸g¤å¡A¤]·|´£¨ì·s¬ùªº¸ê®Æ¡C¨ä¤¤³Ð¥@¬ö3¡G1-6¤¤¨Ã¨S¦³´£¨ì¼»¥¹ªº¦W¦r¡A¬°¦ó­n¦b¥»½g³ø§i¤¤±Ä¥Î©O¡H¦]¬°¦b±´°Q¡¨¤W«Ò»P¼»¦ý¦b¤H­Ì¦æ¬°«ä·Q¤¤ªº©w¦ì»P·N¸q¡¨®É¡A­n¥ý¨M©w¡¨¼»¥¹¡¨¨ì©³¥¦¬O¯u¹êªº¦s¦b¡H¥¦¬O¦p¦óªº¦s¦b¡H©ÎªÌ¥¦¥u¤£¹L¬O¤å¾Ç®aµ§¤U¤@­Óµêºcªº¹ï¶H¡H­Y¥¦¬O¯u¹êªº¦s¦b¡A¨º»ò¼»¥¹¥i¯àªº¨Ó·½©M¥»½è¤S¬O¤°»ò¡A¬°¤F³o¼Ë°ÝÃDªºÂç²M¡AÁöµM³Ð¥@¬ö3¡G1-6¤¤¨S¦³ª½±µ´£¨ì¼»¥¹ªº¦W¦r¡A¦ý³o¬q¸g¤å¦ü¥G´£¨Ñ¤F«Ü­«­nªº¹ï·Ó¸ê®Æ¡A¦Ó³o¼Ë¸ê®Æªº½T¥ß¡A¤]±N¼vÅT¥H¤U©Ò­n³B²zªº¸g¤åªº¥i¯àµ²ªG¡A¦]¦¹¡A³Ð¥@¬ö3¡G1-6¹ï©ó¡¨¤W«Ò»P¼»¦ý¦b¤H­Ì¦æ¬°«ä·Q¤¤ªº©w¦ì»P·N¸q¡¨³o¼Ë¥DÃDªº°Q½×¡A¬O¦³¨ä¥²­n©Êªº¡C³Ì«á¡A¦b¶i¦æ°Q½×®É§Ú±N²¤¹L©Ò´£¦U¬q¸g¤å¦b¸g¤åŲ§O¤¤¥i¯à¥X²{§Û¥»©Î¤å¦rµ²ºc®t²§¤WªºÄ³ÃD¡Aª½±µ¤Þ¥Î¨Ã³z¹L¸g¤åªº¤º®e¨Ó¶i¦æ±´°Q¡A¨Ã¦b³Ì«á¸ÕµÛ¦^µª¡G¼»¥¹¦b¥H¦â¦C¤H«H¥õ¤¤ªº©w¦ì»P·N¸q¡C

³Ð¥@¬ö3¡G1-6

³Ð¥@¬ö²Ä¤T³¹¤@¶}©l«K»¡¡G¡y­C©MµØ¯«©Ò³yªº¡A±©¦³³D¤ñ¥Ð³¥¤@¤Áªº¬¡ª«§ó¬¾·â¡C³D¹ï¤k¤H»¡¡G¯«°Z¬O¯u»¡¤£³\§A­Ì³ð¶é¤¤©Ò¦³¾ð¤WªºªG¤l»ò¡H¡z¡A±q³o¤º®e¥i¥HÂk¯Ç¥X¸t¸g©Ò±Ò¥Üªº¡y³D¡z©Ò¥]§tªº¯SÂI¦³¡G

1.   ¨e¬O³Q³yªº¤@ºØ°Êª«¡C

2.   ¨e¥i¥H»P¤H¥æ½Íªº¡C

3.   ¨e¤]¯à°÷ª¾¹D¤W«Ò»P¨È·í»¡¸Üªº¤º®e¡C

4.   ¨e¨ã¦³«ä·Q³Ð³y¥B¦Û¥Dªº¯S©Ê(©Ò¥H¯à»P¤W«Ò§@¹ï¨Ã¤Þ»¤¤HÂ÷¶}¤W«Ò)¡C

5.   ¨e¨ü¨ì¤W«Òªº©G¶A[1]¡C

¡@

¦ý¦³¨Ç¾ÇªÌ»{¬°¤W¥jªñªF§â¡u³D¡v·í§@¬O¥Í©R¡B´¼¼z¡B²V¶Ãªº¶H¼x[2]¡C¨Ã¥B±q¡u³D¡v­ì¤å¡unahas¡v©M¡u¥e¤R¡v¡unahas¡v¦P¦r®Ú¨Ó¬Ý¡A¡u³D¡v»P¤W¥jªñªFªº©v±Ð¬¡°Ê¥²µM¦³µÛ±K¤ÁªºÃö«Y[3](¥j­{«n¦a°Ï¥Í´Þ¯«ªº±R«ô)¡A¦]¦Ó±À´ú¡u³D¡v¦b³Ð¥@¬ö¤º®e¤¤¥i¯àªº²[·N¡G

  1. ¨e´N¬O¨º¦ì¯u¹ê¤Þ»¤ªÌ¡u¼»¥¹¡vªº¤Æ¨­¡C©ÎªÌ
  2. ¨e§¹¥þ¬O¤@ºØ¶H¼x©Êªº·N¸q¡A¥NªíµÛ¤Hªº¦n©_¤ß¡C©ÎªÌ
  3. ¨e¬O¶Ç²Î¯«¸Ü¤¤­º¥ý¸ÀÅܦ¨ªº°Êª«¡C©ÎªÌ
  4. ¨e¬O¿W¯S¥B¬OÁo©ú°Êª«ªº¶Ç»¡[4]¡C

¡@

¦ý§Ú­Ó¤H»{¬°¡A°£¤F·í¥N¤H¤åªº¸ê®Æ¦Ò¹î¡A¸t¸g¤´¬OÅý§Ú­Ì¤F¸Ñ¡u³D¡vªº·N«äªº³Ì¨Î¨Ó·½¡A¡u³D(nahas)¡v¦b§Æ§B¨Ó­ì¤å¤¤¬O´¶¹Mªº¦r¡A¬Û¦Pªº¦r¦b¬ù¦@¥X²{31¦¸¡A¨Ã°Êµünahas(¥e¤R)¦@¥X²{11¦¸¡C¥i¨£ªñªF¥e¤R¹Lµ{®É±`Áô§tµÛ¡u³D¡v[5]¡C¨Ã¥B¡A»P¤@¶}©l©Ò´£¨ì¦³Ãö³y¸Uª«ªº¤W«Ò©M³Q³yªº¡u³D¡v¡A¬¾·âªº¡u³D¡v»P³Q³yªº¤H¹ï¸Ü¡A¤Hªº¼Z¸¨»P³Dªº¨ü©G¶A¨Ó¬Ý¡A§@ªÌªº¥Î·N¦ü¥G¤£³æ¥u¦b§i¶D¦Ê©m¤@¥ó¨Æ©Î¤@­Ó¹ï¶H¬O¤°»ò¡A·íµM¯«³Ð³yªº±Ò¥Ü¤´¬O³ÌÃöÁ䪺¡A¦ý°£¤F³o¨Ç¡A¦b¦r¸Ì¦æ¶¡¤]ªí¹F¥X¡unahas(³D)--nahas(¥e¤R)¡v·|±a¨Ó¯}Ãa»P¤£«H¡A¨Ã¦]¦Ó»·Â÷¤W«Ò[6]¡C¦Ó¤W«Ò¤]¥²¬°¤H¯}Ãa¤F¯«¤H¤§¶¡ªºÃö«Y¡A¦Ó¹ï¤H¤Î¹ï¡u³D¡v±Ä¨ú¦æ°Ê¡C©Ò¥H¡A¦³¤F³o¨Ç±Ò¥Ü©Ê¸Ü»yªº»â¨ü¡A§Æ§B¨Ó¥Á±Ú´N±q¥j¥N­{«n«H¥õ¤¤³Q¤À§O¥X¨Ó¡C¬Û«H¡A³o¥i¯à¤]§Æ§B¨Ó¥Á±Ú¦b«H¥õ¾úµ{¤¤³Ìªì¹ï¡u³D¡vªº²z¸Ñ¡C

¡@

¦ý¬O¨ì¥Ø«e¬°¤î¡A³£¨S¦³´£¨ì¡u¼»¥¹¡v¡A¨s³º¡u³D¡v»P¡u¼»¥¹¡v¤§¶¡¦³¤°»òÃö³s©O¡H±q¦r¥»¨­ªº¥Îªk¡u³D¡v(¥e¤R)»P¡u¼»¥¹¡v(©è¾×)¡A¤§¶¡ªº¬ÛÃö©Ê¦ü¥G¤£¬O¨º»òª½±µ¡A¦ý±qº¥¶i±Ò¥Üªº¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý¡A¡u³D¡v(¥e¤R)»P¡u¼»¥¹¡v(©è¾×)¤§¶¡¦r¸qªº¨Ï¥Î»PºtÅÜ¡A¦b¥»½è¤W¬O¬Û¦Pªº¡A¤£¦Pªº¥u¬O¦WºÙ¦Ó¤w[7]¡C¦ýÀHµÛ¾ú¥vªººt¶i¡A¡u¤W«Ò¡v»P¡u¼»¥¹¡v¦ü¥G¦b¤H¤¤¶¡¤S¦¨¬°¨¬¥H¤¬¬Û§Ü¿Åªº¶Õ¤O¡A¬°¦ó·|¦p¦¹¡H³o±N¬O±µµÛ¥H¤U©Ò­n±´°Qªº¡C

¼»¥À¦Õ°O¤U24¡G1»P¾ú¥N§Ó¤W21:1

    ¼»¤U24:1¡G¡y­C©MµØ¤S¦V¥H¦â¦C¤Hµo«ã¡A´N¿E°Ê¤j½Ã¡A¨Ï¥L§h©J¤H¥h¼ÆÂI¥H¦â¦C¤H©MµS¤j¤H¡C¡z»P¥N¤W21:1¡G¡y¼»¦ý°_¨Ó§ðÀ»¥H¦â¦C¤H¡A¿E°Ê¤j½Ã¼ÆÂI¥L­Ì¡C¡z¬O¥­¦æ¸g¤å¡A±q¼»¥À¦Õ¸g¤å¤ºµýÅã¥X¡A¤£¥i¯à¬O¤@­Ó¤Hªº¤âµ§¡A¥²©w¬O¤@³¡·J½s¡A¥B¦¨®Ñ¤é´Á¥i¯à¬O¦b¥D«e931¦~¤§«á¡A©ÎªÌ¬O¦bµS¤Ó¤H³Q¾Û¦Ü¤Ú¤ñ­Û«á¤~¦¨®Ñªº¡C¦Ü©ó¾ú¥N§Óªº§@ªÌ¡A¦Ü¤µ¤´¨S¦³ªÖ©wªºµ²½×¡A¦³¤H»{¬°¥i¯à¬O¥H´µ©Ô¦bµS¤Ó¤H³Q¾ÛÂk¦^«á©Ò½s¼gªº¡C

¡@

        ­Y±q¶Ç²Î¹ï¦¨®Ñ®É¶¡¨Ó¬Ý¡A¼»¥À¦Õ°O¬ù930-722¤§¶¡¡A¾ú¥N§Ó¬ù450-?¡A¬Û®t¬ù¦³400¦~¡A±q¨Æ¥ó¨Ó¬Ý¦Ü©ó¯«¬°¦ó¦V¥H¦â¦C¤Hµo«ã©O¡H¸ë¥É»Ê»{¬°¡A½Ì¦]¥H¦â¦C¤H¬JÀH±q©ã¨FÀs«qÅÜ¡A¤SÀH±q¥Ü¤Ú§@¶Ã¡A¤j½Ã¦^´Â¥H«á¡A°ê®aÁö¤w¥­ÀR¡A¦ý¦Ê©m¦ü¥G¨S¦³®¬¸o»P·P®¦¡A¯«¹ï©ó¦Ê©mªº§Ñ®¦¡A¤ß¬Æ¤£®®[8]¡C¥t¤@ºØ»¡ªk¬O¡A¤j¬°¦]µÛ¦Û¤v¦b­x¨Æ¤Wªº¦¨´N¤Î¨ä¤l¥Áªº¸gÀÙ´I¸Î¦Óªgªg¦Û³ß¡AÅãµM¦a²£¥Í¤Fź¶ÆªººA«×¡C©Ò¥H¯«­n¨Ï¤j½Ã¦³®É¶¡§@¦Û§Ú¤Ï¬Ù¡C©ó¬O¿E°Ê¤j½Ã¹ê¦æ¥L¥Hªø´ÁÄwºâªº­p¹º¡Ð¼ÆÂI¦³§@¾Ô¯à¤Oªº¤H¤f¼Æ¥Ø¡A¬°­n°µ¥X±N¨Ó¦b­x¨Æ¤Wªºµ¦²¤¡A¥H¨ä¦³®Ä¦a³¡¸p­x¶¤¡A§ó¦³¥i¯àªº¬O¡A®Ö¥Á¼Æ©Ò±o¸ê®Æ¡A¨Ï¥L¦³¨¬°÷ªº®Ú¾Ú¨Óµû¦ôµ|¶µ¡C¬G¦¹¡A¯«§i¶D¤j½Ã¡G¡u¦n§a¡I§A¾¨ºÞ¶i¦æ³o¥ó¨Æ¡A¬Ý¬Ý¥L¹ï§A¦³¦ó¦n³B¡v[9]¡C°£¦¹¤§¥~¡A¸t¸g¨Ã¨S¦³´£¨ì­C©MµØ¤S¦V¥H¦â¦C¤Hµo«ã¯u¥¿ªº­ì¦]¬°¦ó¡C

¡@

    ­P©ó¦³Ãö¨Æ±¡ªº°_·½¡A¥N¤WÁn©ú¬O¥X©ó¼»¥¹ªº§ðÀ»¡A¦Ó¼»¤U«h«ö·ÓµS¤Ó¤Hªº²ßºD¡A»{¬°³o¨Æ³Ì²×¬O¥X©ó­C©MµØ¡A¦³Í¢ªº³\¥i¤~¥iµo¥Í¡A­ì¦]¥i¯à¬O¥N¤U§@ªÌªº¥Î·N¬O­n«O¦s¤j½Ã§¹¬üªº§Î¶H¡C(§@ªÌ­«¼g¾ú¥vªº¥Øªº¡A¬O­n§i¶D·s¤@¥NªºµS¤Ó¤H¡A¥u¦³¤j½Ãªº¤l®]¡A¥u¦³¤j½Ã©ÒÄݪº¤ä¬£¡XµS¤j(§YÂk°ê«áªºµS¤Ó¤H)¡A¤~¬O¯u¥H¦â¦C¤H)[10]¡C

¡@

    ¦ý­Y±q§@ªÌ½s¼gªº¥Øªº¨Ó¬Ý¡A«h»{¬°¡A¼»¥À¦Õ°O¬O°w¹ï¤ý°êªº¥¢±Ñ¡A¦V³Q¾Û¨ì²§°ìªºµS¥N¤H¸ÑÄÀ¬°¤°»ò¥L­Ì¨­¬°¯«ªº¿ï¥Á¡A³º²_¸¨¨ì¦p¦¹¥i¼¦ªº¦a¨B¡G¥H¦â¦C¤ý°êªº¥¢±Ñ¦b©ó»â³S­Ìªº¥¢Â¾¡A¤Î¦Ê©m­I¬ùªºµ²ªG¡C(¦¹¶µÆ[ÂI¦ü¥G¤]¶¡±µ»{¬°¬O¦bµS¤Ó¤H³Q¾Û¦Ü¤Ú¤ñ­Û«á¤~¦¨®Ñªº,¬O¦³§O©ó¶Ç²Î»¡ªk.­Ó¤H»{¬°.³o¼Ëªº»¡ªk°£«D¦³§ó¦hªºÃÒ¾ÚÃÒ©ú¬O¿ù»~ªº.¤£µM¬OÀ³¸Ó³Q±µ¨üªº.)¦Ó¾ú¥N§Ó§@ªÌ¼g¾ú¥vªº¥Øªº¡A¬O­n§i¶D·s¤@¥NªºµS¤Ó¤H¡A¥u¦³¤j½Ã©ÒÄݤ䬣¡ÐµS¤j¡A¤ÎÂk°ê«áªºµS¤Ó¤H¡A¤~¬O¯u¥H¦â¦C¤H¡C©Ò¥H¥u­n¦^°êªº¦Ê©m¯u¤ß¸ò±q­C©MµØ¡A´N¥²¯àªø¤[©~¦í¦bÀ³³\¤§¦a¡C

¡@

    ¦]¦¹¡A±q¨â¨÷®Ñ³B²z¥v®Æªº¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý¡A¼»¥À¦Õ°O±N¦³Ãö¿ï¥Áªº¾ú¥v¨ÆÂÝ¥[¥Hµû½×©M¸ÑÄÀ¡A¨Ã¤Þ¬°«á¤HªºÅ²¬É¡A¥þ®Ñ©Ò±j½Õªº¥DÃD¬°¡G¿ï¥Á¯à§_¦bÀ³³\¤§¦a¥Í¦s¡A¬O©I¥L­Ì¬O§_©¾©ó¯«»P¥L­Ì©Ò¥ßªº¬ù¡F¾ã­Ó´Â¥N¬Æ¦Ü°ê®aªº¿³¤`¡A¤]§¹¥þ¦b¥G¥L­Ì¬O§_¿í¦u¯«ªº«ßªk¡A³o¼Ëªº½×ÂI¼vÅT¤F§@ªÌ³B²z¾ú¥v¸ê®Æªº¤èªk¡A¥L¨S¦³¸ÔºÉµLºÃªº±N©Ò¦¬¶°ªº¸ê®Æ¤@¤@°O¤U¡A¦Ó¬O¸g¹L¤p¤ß¦a¿ï¾Ü¡A¾ã²z¦Ó¦¨¡C¦Ó¾ú¥N§Ó§@ªÌ©úÅ㪺¬O¥Ñ¦]ªG¯«¾ÇªºÆ[ÂI¨Ó¸ÑÄÀ¾ú¥v¡AÍ¢¸Õ¹Ï»¡©ú¡G¤@¨Ç«Ü¦nªº§g¤ý¤§©Ò¥H¾D¹J´dºGªº¦¬³õ¡A³£¬O¥Ñ©ó¥L­Ì¥Ç¤F¬Y¨Ç¿ù»~¤§¬G¡A¦]¦¹¡A­«ÂI¤Ï¦Ó¬O¦b«ü¥X¤j½Ã¦b®Ö¥Á³o¨Æ¤W±o¸o¤F¯«¡A¥H¦â¦C¦Ê©m¦]¦¹¨ü¨aº×¡C¦Ü©ó¥DÅé¬O¯«©Î¬O¼»¥¹¡A¬O¹ïŪªº¤H¤~¦³·N¸q¡A(±q¦¨®Ñ¤é´Á±ÀÂ_¡A¨â®Ñ¨÷ªºÅªªÌ¥²©w¤£¦P)¡A¥B¤£¦Ü©ó¼vÅT¥v¹êªº¯u¹ê©Ê¡C¦]¦¹¡A³o¬q¥­¦æ¸g¤å®Ñ¼gªº¥Øªº¦b©óŪªÌ¡A¦Ó¤£¦b©ó¬°¡u¤W«Ò¡v»P¡u¼»¥¹¡v¤U¤°»ò¯«¾Ç¤Wªº©w¸q¡A¦]¦¹¦b¤Þ¥Î³o¥­¦æ¸g¤å®É­n«Ü¤p¤ß¡C

    ±q¼»¥À¦Õ°O¤U24¡G1»P¾ú¥N§Ó¤W21:1¤¤ª¾¹DµS¤Ó¤H»{¬°¤Z¨Æ¬Ò¬O¥X©ó­C©MµØ¡A¥B¦³Í¢ªº³\¥i¤~¥iµo¥Í§Ú­Ì¨­¤W¡A¦]¦¹¥i¥HÂk¯Ç¥X¡G

   1.¦b¤j½Ã¼ÆÂI¦Ê©m¤W¡A¥DÅé¬O¯«¡C

2.­Õ­Y§Ú­Ì¦sµÛ«H¥ô¯«ªº¨}µ½»P¤½¸qªº¤ß¨Ó¹ï·Ó¡A´Nµo²{¯u¥¿¿E°Ê¤j½Ã¥h¼ÆÂI¦Ê©mªº¡A¤£¬O¯«¡A¤D¬O¼»¥¹¡A¦ý¥@¤W¤@¤Áªº¨Æ±¡³£¦b¯«ªºÅv¤U¡A¥¼¸g¯«ªº³\¥i¬O¤£¯àµo¥Í¡A©Ò¥H¦³®ÉÁöµM¬O¤H©ÒÀ³­t³dªº¿ù¥¢¡A¸t¸g¤]·|»¡¬O¯«¨Ï¥L³o¼Ëªº¡C[11]¦]¦¹¡A±q¯«ªº¥DÅv¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý¡A¤H³z¹L·N§Ó©Ò°µªº¨M©w¡A¤@¤è­±¡A¤H­n¬°¦Û¤v­t³d¡A¥t¤@¤è­±¡A¯«¤]¥i¥H³z¹L¤Hªº·N§Ó¨ÓÅãÅSªì¯«ªº§@¬°¡C

3.¼»¥¹­ì¤å¬°©è¾×ªÌ¡Aªí¥Ü¼»¥¹ªº¤u§@¬O¡¨Ädªý¡¨¡AÄdªý¤H¦V¬Y¤@­Ó¤è¦V«e¶i¡A¥L¦³¯à¤O¦b¤Hªº·N§Ó¸Ì­±¤u§@¡A«oµLªk¥D®_·N§Ó¡A³o©M¯«µ¹¤Hªº¦Û¥Ñ·N§Ó·N¸q¤£¦P¡A¤@­Ó¬O¯«©Òµ¹¤©ªº¯SÅv»P´L­«¡A¤@­Ó«o¬O¼vÅTªº¯à¤Oªº­­«×¡C¦]¦¹¡A·í¤Hªº·N§Ó¿ôı±o®É­Ô¡A¼»¥¹ªº¤u§@«K¨ü¨ì­­¨î¡C©Ò¥H¡AÁa¨Ï¤j½Ã¦b¼»¥¹ªº¿E°Ê¤§¤U±o¸o¤F¯«¡A¦ý¼»¥¹ªº§@¬°¦b¤j½Ã¦^ÂàÂk¦V¯«ªº®É­Ô¡A´N¥¢±Ñ¤F¡C¦Ó«Ü¦³·N«äªº¬O¡A¤Ï¦Ó¬O¼»¥¹¿E°_¤F¤Hªº³n®z¡A¼ÉÅS¦b¯«ªº©³¤U¡A¼»¥¹­Ë¦¨¤F¤u¨ã¡A¦]¤@¤Á¬Ò¦b¯«ªº¥DÅv¤§¤U¡C

4.­Ó¤H»{¬°¡A¬O½Ö¿E°Ê¤j½Ã¡A¦b¯«»P¼»¥¹¤§¶¡ªº±Ô­z¡A·Qµ¹Åªªº¤H¥²¦³«Ü¤jªº·P¨ü¡A¤]¶¡±µªº¿EÀy¤F¥H¦â¦C¤Hªº¶¶ªA¯«ªº¤ß§Ó¡C¦]¦¹¡AµL½×¬O¯«©Î¼»¥¹¦b®Ö¥Á¨Æ¥ó¤¤½Ö¬°¥DÅé¡A³£¤£·|¼vÅT¥H¦â¦C¤H¹ï¯«·q¬Èªº¤ß¡C

¬ù§B°O1:6-12

    ¬ù§B°O1:6¡y¼»¥¹¤]¨Ó¦b¨ä¤¤¡z¡A¼»¥¹¬O§_¬°¤Ñ®xªº¤@­û¡AÁÙ¬O¥¦¬O°¸¨Óªº³XªÌ¡A¸t¸g¨Ã¥¼²M·¡¥æ¥N¡A¦³¤H»{¬°¬O¡A¤]¦³¤H»{¬°¤£¬O[12]¡C¤]¦³¾ÇªÌ»{¬°¡A¯«ªº²³¤l³o¼Ëªº´y­z¬O¥jªñªF¦a°Ï«D±`´¶¹Mªº¤å¾Ç±Ô­z¡A¦Ó¬ù§B°Oªº§@ªÌ«K±Ä¥Î¤F·í®Éªº¤å¾Ç±Ô­z¡A«o¦³§O©ó·í®Éªº¤å¾Ç±Ô­zªº·N¸q¡A¬°­n§ó¥[¬ðÅ㯫¦b¸U¦³¤§¶¡ªº¦Ü°ª»P¿W¤@©Ê[13]¡C·Ó·s¬ùªºÆ[©À¡A¥¦¬OÅ]°­¡A·íµM¤£­ã¦b¤Ñ®x¡C¦ý¦b¬ù¡A³oÂI¨ÃµL²M·¡»¡©ú¡C¡u¼»¥¹¡v¦b³o¸Ì¤£¬O¦W¦r¡A¦Ó¬O¨¤¦â¡A­ì·N¬°±±§iªÌ¡B½èºÃªÌ¡B¼Ä¹ïªÌ¡AºÉ§_©w»P¤Ï¹ï¬°¯à¨Æ¡C¦Wµü°£¦¹³B¡A©|¦b¼»¥[§Q¨È®Ñ¤T³¹1-2¸`¤Î¾ú¥N§Ó¤W¤G¤Q¤@³¹1¸`¡C°Êµü¦b¼»¥[§Q¨È®Ñ¤T³¹1¸`¡u§@¹ï¡v¡A¤S¦b¸Ö½g¤T¤Q¤K½g20¸`¡A¡u¬°¼Ä¡v¦b¸Ö½g¤@¡³¤E½g4¸`¡C¡u¹G­¢¡v¡u°l¹G¡v¦b³Ð¥@¬ö¥|¤Q¤E³¹23¸`¡F¸Ö½g¤­¤Q¤­½g3¸`¡F¬ù§B°O¤Q¤»³¹9¸`¡A¤T¤Q³¹21¸`¡C

¡y¼»¥¹¡z¸Ó¦r¥i¦³¨â­Ó¦r®Ú¡]satan¡Asatam¡^¡A¤S¦r®Ús¥ç¥i§@sh¡C¦pªG¦r®Úshut¡A¥iĶ§@¡u¨«¨Ó¨«¥h¡v¡A¥¿¦p7¸`ªº±Ô­z¡A¦¹³B»P¼»¥[§Q¨È®Ñ¤T³¹ªº¼»¥¹³£¦³«aµü¡A¥i§@¬°±M¦³¦Wµü[14]¡C

¥¦³QºÙ¬°¨º¼»¥¹¡AÁöµM¦b¼Ð·Ç­×­q¥»¨S¦³§â¥¦Ä¶¥X¨Ó¡A¦ý³o­Ó©w«aµü¬O­«­nªº¡C¦]¬°ÄY®æ¨Ó»¡¡A¥¦ªí©ú©Ò»¡ªº·N¨ýµÛ¡u¼Ä¤â¡v¡]ªk°|¤¤¤§À˹î©x¡^ªº¤@­ÓÀY»Î¡A¦Ó¤£¬O»P¥¦¦b¨S¦³©w«aµü¤U¡A¦b·s¬ù®É¥N³Q¥Î§@Å]°­¥»¨­ªº¦W¦r¡C¦b¦r¸Ì¦æ¶¡§Ú­Ì¥i¥H´y­z¥¦ªº¨¤¦â¬°¤@ºØ¯«¸tªºÀ˹î©x¡K¡A¥¦¹ï©Ò±±§iªº¦æ°ÊºÉ¥i¯à´£¨Ñ³ÌÃaªº¨Æ¹ê¯u¬Û¡C³Ì«á¦A§@¤F§P¨M®É¡A¥¦«K¬O³Q«ü©w¥h°õ¦æ§P¨Mªº©x­û[15]¡C¦ý³oµ´¤£ªí¥Ü¨º§P¨M¬O¥Ñ¥L°µªº¡A¨º¬O¤W«Ò³æ¿Wªº¨M©w¡C³o¼Ëªº±¡ªp´N¦p§Æþ«ä·Q®a¦â¿Õ½d(Xenophon)ªº±Ô­z¡G¦b®J¤Î¥H¤Îªi´µªº®c§Ê¸Ì­±¦³¨Ç©x¦O¥s°µ°ê¤ýªº¡u¦Õ¥Ø¡v¡C³o¨Ç©x¦O¨C¦~¥N¤@¸s¤h§L¨ì°ê¤º¦U¦{´Mµø¡A°²­Y¥L­Ìµo²{¦{ªøÀݥξÅv¡A´N°V¥¸¥L¤@µf¡C°²­Y¥L¤£±µ¨ü¥¸³d¡A¥L­Ì´N§â³o¨Æ§e«µ°ê¤ý¡A°ê¤ý«K®Ú¾Ú¥L­Ìªº«µ§iÃg§K¦³°ÝÃDªº¦{ªø¡A©ÎªÌ©R¥O¿Ë½Ã­x³B¦º¥L¡C°ê¤ý³oºØ§P¨M¬J¨S¦³¸g¹L¼f§P¡A¤]¨S¦³Åý³Q§i¦³ÅGÅ@ªº¾l¦a¡A·íµM¤]¤£¯à§ó§ï¡C(¦]¦¹±À½×¼»¥¹¥i¯à¬O±q¥H¦â¦C¶D³^±`¨Ò¥H¤Îªi´µ°ê¤ýªººÊ¹î¨î«×ºtÅܦӦ¨ªº[16]¡C¡^

¦b³o¨÷®Ñ¤¤¡A¦³¾ÇªÌ»{¬°¬ù§B¦Ü©l¦Ü²×¹ï©ó¥¦³£¤@µL©Òª¾¡A§¹¥þ¬°·NÃѨ쨺¼»¥¹²o¯A¤J¥¦ªº©R¹B¤¤¡C©Ò¥H¥u¦³¤@­Ó¥i¯àªºµ²½×¡G¨º¼»¥¹¦b¬G¨Æ¸Ì­±¥¿¦V¨ä¥L¡u¤W«Òªº²³¤l¡v¤@¼Ë¡A¤´µM¬O¤W«Òªº¤@ºØ©µ¦ù¡C¥¦¥Nªí¤W«Ò¤Ñ¹Dªº¬Y¤@¼h­±¡F¥¦ªº¨º¤@­±¡AµL½×¬°¤F¤°»ò²z¥Ñ¡A¥D­n¬O§â¨º­WÃø¥[½Ñ©ó¤H¡A§â´c¨Æ©M´d¼@¥[¦b¤Hªº¥Í¬¡¤¤¡C¦b³o¬G¨Æ¤¤µ¹§Ú­Ì¬Ý¨£ªº¹Ïµe¡A¤Î¹B§@©ó¤HÃþ¥Í¬¡¤¤¡A¤W«Ò©M¼»¥¹¤GªÌ¤@¦P¥Nªíªº¯«¸t¤Ñ¹Dªº³±·t­±[17]¡C­P©ó³o¼Ëªºµ²½×§Ú­Ó¤H¨Ã¤£¦P·N¡A¦]¬°¬ù§B°O1:6-12¤]³zÅS¥X¤@¶µ­«­nªº¯u²z¡A¦pJohn E. Hartley©Ò»¡[18]¡A³o¬q¸g¤åªº­«ÂI¦ü¥G§ó¬O¦b¹üÅ㯫¦b¤Z¨Æ¤W¤j¯àªº¥DÅv»P¥D¾É¦a¦ì¡A¥t¤@¤è­±¡A³o¼Ëªºµ²½×¦ü¥G¤]Åã¥Ü¥X½×­zªÌ¹ï¬ù¸t¸g¤@ºD©Êªº»{ÃѪº¯Ê¥F¡C

    ³o­Ó¼»¥¹©Ò§êºtªº¨¤¦â¬O¤°»ò¡H§Ú­Ì¥u¦³±q¸t¸g¤W¥i¥H±o¨ì¤@¨Çµª®×¡C¤j­P¤W»¡¨Ó¼»¥¹¬O­Ó·§¬Aªº¦WºÙ¡A¥u¬O¤@¤Á»P¤H§@¹ï¡A¨Ï¤H­p¹º¥¢±Ñ¡A¤u§@¤£¯à¦¨¥\ªº¤Hª«¡C§ÆþĶ¥»¦h¦¸¥[³o­Ó¦WµüĶ§@¡uÅ]°­¡v[19]¡C¨ì¤F·s¬ù®É¥N¡A¨ä¦W³QºÙ¬°¡u¼»¥¹¡v¡B¡uÅ]°­¡v¤§¥~¡A¥ç³QºÙ¬°¡uÀs¡v¡B¡u¥j³D¡v[20]¡C

¼»­{§Q¨È®Ñ3:1-2

    ¼»¥¹¬O¬ù¤¤¬Æ¤Ö´£¤Îªº¦WºÙ¡C«D§Q¤h¤Hªº­º»âºÙ¤j½Ã¬°¡u¼Ä¤H¡v¡]¼»¤W29¡G4¡^¡A­ì¤å¬°¼»¥¹¡C¦C¤ý°O¤W²Ä¤Q¤@³¹14¤Î23¸`ªº¡u¼Ä¤H¡v¡A¤]¬O¥Î¡u¼»¥¹¡v¤@µü¡A¥Á¼Æ°O¤G¤Q¤G³¹22¸`¡u¼Ä¾×¡v¤@µü¡A­ì·N¬°¡u¼»¥¹¡v¡A¥L¬O­C©MµØªº¨ÏªÌ¡A¥i¨£¡u¼»¥¹¡vªº­ì·N¬°¡u¼Ä¤H¡v¡C

   ¦b¬ù¤¤¦³¤T³B¸g¤å¥i¯à¬°¼»¥[§Q¨È®Ñ²Ä¤T³¹1¸`¡u¼»¥¹¡v³Ì¦nªºÄÀ¸q¡G

a.¡uÄ@§A¬£¤@­Ó´c¤HÁÒ¨î¥L¡A¬£¤@­Ó¹ïÀY¯¸¦b¥L¥kÃä¡I¡v¡]¸Ö109:6¡^¡u¹ïÀY¡v´N¬O¥Î¡u¼»¥¹¡v³o­Ó¦Wµü¡C¦¹³B¦b¼»¥[§Q¨Èªº²§¶H¤¤¡A¼»¥¹¯¸¦b¥kÃä¡A¦¨¬°¥D±±ªº«ß®v¡A¦³ªk«ß¤§¥\¯à¡C

 b.¼»¥À¦Õ°O¤U24¡G1»P¾ú¥N§Ó¤W21:1-­C©MµØªº«ã®ð¡A¤¹³\¼»¥¹¿E°Ê¤j½Ã[21]­C©MµØ³ºµM¤¹³\ÁÀ¨¥ªºÆF¶i¤J¥ýª¾ªº¤f¤¤¡C

c.¬ù§B°O1:6-12-¦b­C©MµØªº·|¤¤¡A¼»¥¹±M¥q±±§i¡AºA«×¬O¤Ï­±ªº¡A«ù§å§PªººA«×¡A¦s¤ß»PÄݯ«ªº¤H§@¹ï[22]¡C¬ù®Ñ¨È»P¼»¥¹³£¬O¯¸¦b­C©MµØ¨ÏªÌªº­±«e¡A¥L¤]«ü¥Ü¬ù®Ñ¨È§ó´«¦ç³T¨Æ¡A¦Ó¥B¥L¤]¨Ó¹ê»Ú°õ¦æ¡A¥L¦¨¬°­C©MµØªº¥Nªí¡C¤j²½¥q¬ù®Ñ¨È¯¸¦b­C©MµØªº¨ÏªÌ­±«e¡A¤£¥u¬O¥L¯¸¥ßªº¦ì¸m¡A§ó¥i¯à«ü¥LªºÂ¾¦ì¡A¦]¬°²½¥q¯¸µÛ¨Æ©^¯«»PªA¨Æ¤H[23]¡C

¬ã¨s¦¹³Bªº²§¶H¡A¦ü¥G¬O±q²½¥qªºÂ¾¥ô±q¨Æªº®É­Ô¡A¦Ó¨ü±±§i¡A¦Ó¦¨¬°ªk«ßªº³õ¦X¡C³o¦ü¥G¬O¦b¸t©Ò¤§¤¤¡A¦b¤j²½¥q¥¿¦b¨Ñ¾®É¡A¼»¥¹¥X²{¨Ó¦V­C©MµØªº¨ÏªÌ±±§i¡A©ó¬O±¡´º§ïÅܤF¡A¦b¼f§P³o®×¥óªº¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¬ù®Ñ¨È±o¨ì³j¸o»P¼ä²bªº®¦¨å¡A¥L²½¥qªºÂ¾¦ì¤´¥iºû«ù¡A¦Ó¥B§ó±o´L®e¡A¦]¬°³o¬O¯«ªº´z¿ï¡C

    ­C©MµØ´z¿ï­C¸ô¼»§N¡A¥L´z¿ï¥H¦â¦C¥Á±Ú¡A¨Ï¥L­Ì¦¨¬°¸t¼äªº°ê¥Á¡A²½¥qªº°ê«×¡C¥i¨£¬ù®Ñ¨È¬O¤j²½¥q¡A¥NªíµÛ¥H¦â¦C¾ãÅé¥H¦â¦C¦b²½¥qªºÂ¾¥÷¤W¥¢±Ñ¤F¡A¦³°d­C©MµØªº¸t¦W¡C¼»¥¹¥i¦³¥R¤Àªº²z¥Ñ¡A¥u¬O¥D­C©MµØ´z¿ïªº®¦¨å¡A±À½¥Lªº±±§i[24]¡C¥t¤@¤è­±¡A¡A®Ú¾Ú¥Á¼Æ°O²Ä¤Q¤G³¹6-8¸`¯«ªº±Ò¥ÜÂDz§¶H..µ¥¤£¦Pªº¤è¦¡½çµ¹¤H¡A¦]¦¹¸g¤å©Ò°O¬O²§¶H¤¤©Ò¨£¡A³o¨Ã¤£ªí¥Ü¼»¥¹ªG¯u¥i¥HÀH®É¯¸¦b¯«¸ò«e»P¯«¹ï¸Ü¡A­«­nªº¬O¡A³o²§¶H©Ò­n¶Ç¹Fªº¤º®e[25]¡C

¼»¥¹¦b¦¹¤£¬O¤@­Ó­Ó§Oªº¦WºÙ¡A¦n¹³«á¨Ó¦bµS¤Ó¤H©M°ò·þ±Ð¾ú¥v¤W©ÒÅܦ¨ªº¨º¼Ë¡C³o¸Ìªº¼»¥¹¡A©M¬ù§B°O1-2³¹¤¤©Ò¸üªº¤@¼Ë¡A¬O¤@­Ó¤W«Òªº¹²¤H¡AÍ¢ªºÅv¬±¬O¤W«Òµ¹¤©ªº¡C¦ý¬O¦b³o¸Ìªº¤º¤å¤¤¡A§Ú­Ì¶}©l·Pı¨ì¼»¥¹ªº´c·N¡A³o¥i¯à¬OºtÅܦ¨«á¨ÓÃö©ó¼»¥¹´cªÌªº·§©Àªº¹Lµ{ªº¤@³¡¥÷[26]¡C

µ²½×

¬ù±q¥¼»¡©ú´cÅ]«ç»ò¶}©l¦s¦b©ó¤W«Ò©Ò³Ð³y¤Ñ¦a¸Uª«¤§¤º¡C¦ýµ´¹ï¨S¦³³Q³yª«¤§¥~ªº­ì¦³ªº´c¤O¡C¦b³Ð¥@¬ö3¡G1-6¤¤ªº¡u³D¡v¤Þ»¤¤H±o¸o¤W«Ò¡C©ó¬O³D³o¦¸¤@©w¥Nªí¤@­Ó´cªº¤O¶q¡C¥B¥Nªí¤W«Òªº¤³¼Ä[27]¡C

¥t¤@¤è­±¡A¦b¬ù¤¤«Ü¤Ö´£¤Î¼»¥¹¡C¦b¨ÏªÌªºµe¹³¤¤¡A¼»¥¹Á`§êºtµÛ¤@­Ó¤Ñ¤Wªº«ü±±ªÌ¡]§B1¡G6-12¡A2¡G1-7¡A¨È3¡G1-2¡^¡A¨Ã¥B¦b¸g¤å¤¤¨Ã¨S¦³·t¥Ü³o¦ì¨ÏªÌ¬O¨¸´cªº¡A¥u¦³¨ì¤F¥N¤W21¡G1¶}©l¡A§â¼»¥¹¡]­º¦¸¥H±M¦³¦Wµü¨Ó§Î®eÍ¢¡^¥N´À¤F¯«¡A¨Ã§â¦o´y¼g¦¨¨¸´cªº§Î¶H[28]¡C¦]¦¹¥i¥H»¡¡A¼»¥¹¥H¸Õ±´ªÌªº¨­¤À¥X²{¨Ã¦³µÛ¨¸´c¥»½è¦ì®æªº¦rµü§t¸q¡A¥i»¡¬O¬ù«á´Áµo®i¥X¨Óªº¡C

¦b§Æ§B¨Ó¤HªºÆ[©À¤¤¡A¯«¬O¿W¤@¥B¬O³Ð³y¸U¦³ªº(±q¼¯¦è¤­¸g)¡A¬JµM³Ð³y¤F¸Uª«¡A¨º»ò¥²µM¥]¬A¼»¥¹¦b¸ÌÀY¡C±q¥H¤W½g´Tªº°Q½×±oª¾¡A¼»¥¹³o­Ó¦Wµü¤]¬O¸g¹L¤@¬q®É¶¡¤§«á¤~´¶«K³Q¨Ï¥Î¡A¦]¦¹¡A§Ú­ÌÀ³¸ÓÁקK¥Î²{¦b§Ú­Ì¹ï©ó¼»¥¹¨ººØ¨ã¦³¨¸´c¤O¶qªº·§©À¨Ó²z¸Ñ¬ù¤¤©Ò´£¼»¥¹¡C§_«h¡A§Ú­Ì®e©ö»{¬°¨¸´c¤]¬O¤W«Òªº³Ð³y¤§¤@¦p¦¹ªº¿ù»~ùØÀY¡C

¼»¥¹¬O§Æ§B¨Ó¤åªº­µÄ¶¡A·N«ä¬O¼Ä¾×ªÌ¡A¥L¨Ã¤£¬O¤@©w¬O«ü½Ö¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¹ï·í®Éªº¤H¨Ó»¡¡A¨º¼Ä¾×ªÌ©Î¬O«ü±±ªÌ¡A¥u¬O¦b¾ú¥vªºÂàÅܪº¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¤]¥i¯à¦b¾ú¥vªì§@ªÌªº½s¼g¤¤¡Aº¥º¥¦a§â¥¦´y¼g¦¨¤@­Ó¨¸´cªº¤Æ¨­¡A³Ì«á¦b·s¬ù®É¥N¡AÄÝ©óÆF¬É¡A¨ã¦³·Q­n¤Þ»¤¤HÂ÷¶}¯«ªº¤@ºØ¯u¹ê¦ì®æªº¦s¦b¡A¤~³Q§ó²M·¡ªº±Ò¥Ü¥X¨Ó¡C

Âǵ۷s¬ù¸t¸g¡A§Ú­Ìª¾¹D¡A¡¦¼»¦ý´N¬O©è¾×ªº·N«ä¡A¤DÅ]°­ªº§O¦W¡¦(¤Ó4:10)¡A¨Ã¥B¡¨¼»¦ý·Q­n±oµÛ§A­Ì¡A¦n¿z§A­Ì¹³¿z³Á¤l¤@¼Ë¡¨(¸ô22:31)¡A¨Ã¥B¡¨¤w¸g¦³¤HÂà¥hÀH±q¼»¦ý¡¨(´£«e5:15)¡A©Ò¥H«H®{­Ì¡¨­n¬ïÀ¹¯«©Ò½çªº¥þ°Æ­x¸Ë¡A´N¯à©è¾×Å]°­ªº¸Þ­p¡¨(¥±6:11)¡A¡¨½ç¥­¦wªº¯«­n±N¼»¦ý½î½ñ¦b§A­Ì¸}¤U¡¨(ù16:20)¡C³Ì«á¡A¡¨¨º°g´b¤H­ÌªºÅ]°­±N³Q¥µ¦b²¸ÁDªº¤õ´ò¡A¥L­Ì¥²±Þ©]¨üµh­W¡Aª½¨ì¥Ã¥Ã»·»·¡¨(±Ò20:10)¡C

©Ò¥H¡A¼»¥¹¦b«ç¼Ë¤¿´cªº§@¬°©Î©è¾×¡A¥¦¤´µLªk¶W¶V¤W«Òªº¥D®_¡A³o¤Ï¦ÓÅý¤H¦b«H¥õ¸g¾ú¤¤¡A¦³¾÷·|¬Ý²M©è¾×¯«ªº¶Õ¤O¦s¦bªº¨Æ¹ê¤Î¤H³£»Ý­n¾aµÛ¯«ªº¯à¤O¡A¦b®¦¨å¤¤¶¶ªA¯«¡C§Ú·Q³o¤]¥¿¬O¼»¥¹¦b¥H¦â¦C¤H«H¥õ¤¤ªº©w¦ì»P·N¸q¡C

¡@

°Ñ¦Ò®Ñ¥Ø¡G

1.ñK¬±§¡µÛ¡G¡y³Ð¥@¬ö¡z¡A¨÷¤@¡C­»´ä¡G¤Ñ¹D®Ñ¼Ó¡A1997¦~

2.¼B·Ø«TµÛ¡G¸t¸gª`ÄÀ¡y³Ð¥@¬ö¡z¡C¥x¥_¡G¼B·Ø«T¡A1997¦~

3.Áú©Ó¨}µÛ¡G¬ù§B¶ÇÄÀ¸q¡C­»´ä¡G«ä°ª¸t¸g¾Ç·|¡A¥Á72¡A3¤ëªìª©

4.­ð¦ö¤§µÛ¡G¬ù§B°O¨÷¤W¡C­»´ä¡G¤Ñ¹D®Ñ¼Ó¡A1994¦~7¤ëªìª©

5.¬ö³Õ»¹µÛ.¥j¼Ö¤HĶ¡G¬ù§B°Oª`ÄÀ¡C­»´ä¡G°ò·þ±Ð¤åÃÀ¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1997¦~5¤ëªìª©

6.­ð¦ö¤§µÛ¡G¡y¤Q¤G¥ýª¾®Ñ(¥|)¡z¡C­»´ä¡G¤Ñ¹D®Ñ¼Ó¡A1995¦~4¤ë¤Tª©

7.§JµÜ°òµÛ.À¹­õ¥ÁĶ¡G¤Q¤G¥ýª¾®Ñª`ÄÀ¤U¥U¡C­»´ä¡G°ò·þ±Ð¤åÃÀ¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1994¦~2¤ëªìª©

8.³¯²×¹DµÛ¡G¤p¥ýª¾®ÑÁ¿¸q¤U¥U¡C­»´ä¡G¤Ñ¹D®Ñ¼Ó¡A1986¦~6¤ë­×­qª©

9.µØ¼w³Í·æµÛ.¹ù¤¸«ÂĶ¡G¬ù¯«¾Ç±´°Q¡C¥x¥_¥«¡GµØ¯«¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1998¦~3¤ëªìª©¥|¨ê

10.¶®¦U ¦ã¼wªùµÛ.§º¬u²±Ä¶¡G¬ù¯«¾Ç¡C¥x«n¡GªF«n¨È¯«¾Ç°|¨ó·|¡A1992¦~9 ¤ë¤­ª©

11.´^¤Ú¹yµÛ.¶Àº~´ËĶ¡G¬ù¯«¾Ç¡C­»´ä¡GºØ¥J¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1987¦~6¤ëªìª©

12.¶O­^°ªµÛ¡G¬ù¯«¾ÇÁ¿¸q¡C·s¦Ë¡G¤¤µØ«H¸q¯«¾Ç°|¡A2000¦~2¤ë

13.¸t¸g·s¬ù¸t¸g.¦ê¯]¡Aª`ÄÀ¥»¡C­»´ä¡G¤¤°ê¯«¾Ç¬ã¨s°|¡A1990¦~3¤ë¥|ª©

14.ÃÒ¥D¸t¸g¦Ê¬ì¥þ®Ñ²Ä¤G¥U¡G­»´ä¡GºÖ­µÃÒ¥D¨ó·|¡A1995¦~1¤ëªìª©

15.¦ã°ò´µµÛ.§õ¯º­^Ķ¡G¸t¸gÃøÃD·J½s¡C­»´ä¡G¨¤Án¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1994¦~5¤ë¦Aª©

16.³¯²×¹DµÛ¡G¸t¸g°ÝÃD¸Ñµª¡C­»´ä¡G¤Ñ¹D®Ñ¼Ó

17.ù§B¯S ¥Ð³æµÛ.¾G¼z©ÃĶ¡G¥­«H®{¸t¸gª`ÄÀ25¤§07¡C¥x¥_¡G¨ÏªÌ¥Xª©ªÀ1988¦~1¤ëªìª©

18.¸ë¥É»ÊµÛ¡G¸t¸g­n¸q¨÷¤G¡C­»´ä¡G¥°¹D¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1961¦~7¤ë¥Xª©

19.Genesis 1-11 A Commentary. translated by John J. Scullion S.J.London,Minneapolis,1990

20.Hamilton.Victor, P.  The Book of Genesis Chapters 1-17 . Grand Rapids, MI:Eerdmans,1990

21. Wenham.Gordon J. Word Biblical Commentary volume 1, Genesis 1-15:Waco,Texas, Word Books,  1987

22.Leupold.H.C. Exposition of Genesis.Ohio: The Wartburg Press,Columbus,1942

23.Clines.David.A. Word Biblical Commentary volume 17¡AJob 1-20¡ADallas,Texas:Word Books,   1989

24.Delitzsch F¡ABiblical Commentary on The Book of Job¡AGrand Rapids, MI:Eerdmans,1956

25.Hartley.John E.  The Book of Job¡AGrand Rapids, MI:Eerdmans,1988

26.Smith.Ralph L. Word Biblical Commentary volume 32¡AMicah-Malachi¡A Waco,Texas:Word Books, 1984

27.Leupold.H.C. Exposition of Zechariah¡AOhio:The Wartburg Press,Columbus,1956

28.Stuhimueller.Carroll. A Commentary on the Books of Haggai-Zechariah¡AGrand Rapids, MI:Eerdmans,1988

¡@


[1]ñK¬±§¡µÛ¡G¡y³Ð¥@¬ö¡z¡A¨÷¤@¡C­»´ä¡G¤Ñ¹D®Ñ¼Ó¡A1997¦~¡G276­¶

[2]ñK¬±§¡µÛ¡G¡y³Ð¥@¬ö¡z¡A¨÷¤@¡C­»´ä¡G¤Ñ¹D®Ñ¼Ó¡A1997¦~¡G275­¶¡Aµù¸Ñ13

[3]ñK¬±§¡µÛ¡G¡y³Ð¥@¬ö¡z¡A¨÷¤@¡C­»´ä¡G¤Ñ¹D®Ñ¼Ó¡A1997¦~¡G278­¶¡Aµù¸Ñ24

[4]Genesis 1-11 A Commentary. translated by John J. Scullion S.J.London,Minneapolis,1990¡G237

[5]Victor, P. Hamilton. The Book of Genesis Chapters 1-17 . Grand Rapids, MI:Eerdmans,1990.¡G187

[6] °Ñ·ÓVictor, P. Hamilton »P Gordon J. Wenham ©Ò­z¡G

Much has been made of the author¡¦s decision to describe the serpent as..,the most cunning rather than the ¡§wisest¡¨ of all the animals. The suggestions to explain the choice are varied. Is it due to the demythologization process at work in which the shrewd snake replaces the wise Canaanite Baal? Or do we discover here a sapiential motif ? Or may one explain the choice as due to the fact that arum is a neutral word, one that was originally without special moral connotations. But why apply a word that is without moral connotations to one who is consistently evil ? It appears best to take ¡§astute, clever ¡¨ as an appropriate description of the snake, one that aptly describes its use of a strategy of prudence when it engages the woman in dialogue¡ÐVictor, P. Hamilton. The Book of Genesis Chapters 1-17 . Grand Rapids, MI:Eerdmans,1990.¡G187-188¡FEarly Jewish and Christian commentators identified the snake with Satan or the devil, but since there is no other trace of a personal devil in early parts of the OT, modern writers doubt whether this is the view of our narrator. It is often asserted that the serpent is the symbol of the Canaanite fertility cults, and that therefore Gen 3 illustrates the choice before Israel¡Ðshould they obey Yahweh or follow Baal? But ¡Kit hardly seems likely that Gen 3 would have mentioned the Lord God¡¦s creating the snake if it was supposed to represent the archenemy of the true faith.¡ÐGordon J. Wenham. Word Biblical Commentary volume 1, Genesis 1-15,Word Books, Waco,Texas 1987¡G72  

[7]¤Ó4:10     ­C¿q»¡¡G¡u¼»¦ý¡]¼»¦ý´N¬O©è¾×ªº·N«ä¡A¤DÅ]°­ªº§O¦W¡^¡A°h¥h½}¡I¦]¬°¸g¤W°OµÛ»¡¡G·í«ô¥D§Aªº¯«¡A³æ­n¨Æ©^¥L¡C¡v±Ò12:9¤jÀs´N¬O¨º¥j³D¡A¦W¥sÅ]°­¡A¤S¥s¼»¦ý¡A¬O°g´b´¶¤Ñ¤Uªº¡C¥L³QºL¦b¦a¤W¡A¥Lªº¨ÏªÌ¤]¤@¦P³QºL¤U¥h¡C

[8]¸ë¥É»ÊµÛ¡G¸t¸g­n¸q¨÷¤G¡C­»´ä¡G¥°¹D¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1961¦~7¤ë¥Xª©¡G860

[9]¦ã°ò´µµÛ.§õ¯º­^Ķ¡G¸t¸gÃøÃD·J½s¡C­»´ä¡G¨¤Án¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1994¦~5¤ë¦Aª©¡G265

[10]¸t¸g·s¬ù¸t¸g.¦ê¯]¡Aª`ÄÀ¥»¡C­»´ä¡G¤¤°ê¯«¾Ç¬ã¨s°|¡A1990¦~3¤ë¥|ª©¡G384

[11]³¯²×¹DµÛ¡G¸t¸g°ÝÃD¸Ñµª¡C­»´ä¡G¤Ñ¹D®Ñ¼Ó¡G265

[12]Was the Satan one of the sons of God ? Driver-Gray understand the preposition among (Hew.betok) to indicate that he had a prominent place in this assembly. But some recent scholars understand the text to portray the Satan as an intruder. They come to this position either by taking the term also (Hew. gam) to mean ¡§other than¡¨ or by understanding the preposition among to indicate someone who is an outsider. John E. Hartley. The Book of Job¡AGrand Rapids, MI:Eerdmans,1988¡G71-72)¹ï·ÓDavid.A.Clines. Word Biblical Commentary volume 17¡AJob 1-20¡AWord Books, Dallas,Texas 1989¡G17-23

[13] ¡§the assembly of the gods¡¨that is well attested in ancient Near Eastern literature. Several passages in the OT also seem to assume that God governs the world through a council of the heavenly host (Ps. 29:1;82;89:6-9;1K.22:19-23). But in the OT the complete dependence of these sons of God on God himself and their total submission to him is not questioned. In this way Israel altered the ancient Near Eastern understanding of the divine council to conform to its monotheistic belief.( John E. Hartley. The Book of Job¡AGrand Rapids, MI:Eerdmans,1988¡G71)

[14]­ð¦ö¤§µÛ¡G¬ù§B°O¨÷¤W¡C­»´ä¡G¤Ñ¹D®Ñ¼Ó¡A1994¦~7¤ëªìª©¡G96-97

[15]On this occasion the Satan also come among them. Here the Hebrew word hassatan has the article, so it functions as a title rather than as a personal name. The Hebrew root stn means ¡§to oppose at law.¡¨ On this basis some scholars conjecture that the Satan may be the prosecuting at torney of the heavenly council. If this view is correct, his task on earth was to discover human sins and failures and to bring his findings before the heavenly assembly.

[16]¶®¦U ¦ã¼wªùµÛ.§º¬u²±Ä¶¡G¬ù¯«¾Ç¡C¥x«n¡GªF«n¨È¯«¾Ç°|¨ó·|¡A1992¦~9 ¤ë¤­ª©¡G75

[17]¬ö³Õ»¹µÛ.¥j¼Ö¤HĶ¡G¬ù§B°Oª`ÄÀ¡C­»´ä¡G°ò·þ±Ð¤åÃÀ¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1997¦~5¤ëªìª©¡G12-13

[18]God is referred to by his personal name Yahweh. This name occurs 7 time in the two scenes of God¡¦s conversing with the Satan as compared to only 3 other time in the prologue, all of which are in the adage quoted by Job (1:21). No doubt the name Yahweh appears in these scenes because the author wants to stress Yahweh¡¦s sovereignty, specifically his complete superiority to the Satan. ( John E. Hartley. The Book of Job¡AGrand Rapids, MI:Eerdmans,1988¡G70)

[19]Áú©Ó¨}µÛ¡G¬ù§B¶ÇÄÀ¸q¡C­»´ä¡G«ä°ª¸t¸g¾Ç·|¡A¥Á72¡A3¤ëªìª©¡G71-72

[20] ¦Pµù7

[21]¸Õ°Ñ¾\¤ý¤W22¡G23

[22]¹ï·ÓCarroll Stuhimueller.A Commentary on the Books of Haggai-Zechariah¡AGrand Rapids, MI:Eerdmans,1988¡G77¡A.David.A.Clines. Word Biblical Commentary volume 17¡AJob 1-20¡ADallas,Texas:Word Books,   1989¡G199¡A.C.Leupold. Exposition of Zechariah¡AOhio:The Wartburg Press,Columbus,1956¡G66-67¡^

[23]¥i°Ñ¦Ò¥Ó10:8¡F¤h20:28¡F¥N¤U29:11¡Fµ²44:15

[24]­ð¦ö¤§µÛ¡G¡y¤Q¤G¥ýª¾®Ñ(¥|)¡z¡C­»´ä¡G¤Ñ¹D®Ñ¼Ó¡A1995¦~4¤ë¤Tª©¡G168-170

[25]³¯²×¹DµÛ¡G¤p¥ýª¾®ÑÁ¿¸q¤U¥U¡C­»´ä¡G¤Ñ¹D®Ñ¼Ó¡A1986¦~6¤ë­×­qª©¡G148

[26]§JµÜ°òµÛ.À¹­õ¥ÁĶ¡G¤Q¤G¥ýª¾®Ñª`ÄÀ¤U¥U¡C­»´ä¡G°ò·þ±Ð¤åÃÀ¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1994¦~2¤ëªìª©¡G195

[27]¶O­^°ªµÛ¡G¬ù¯«¾ÇÁ¿¸q¡C·s¦Ë¡G¤¤µØ«H¸q¯«¾Ç°|¡A2000¦~2¤ë¡G30

[28]ÃÒ¥D¸t¸g¦Ê¬ì¥þ®Ñ²Ä¤G¥U¡G­»´ä¡GºÖ­µÃÒ¥D¨ó·|¡A1995¦~1¤ëªìª©¡G970